[This file has been renamed from anti-ccw to mcdowell.anti-ccw] From: softserv@genie.geis.com Date: Fri, 17 Mar 95 02:27:00 UTC To: chan@shell.portal.com Subject: Re: Media Promotes Bogus CCW Neil, Thanks for the rebuttal to the McDowell study. I've saved your posting in: http://rkba.org/research/schulman/anti-ccw in case you want to refer to your postings on the net by their URL. __ Jeff Chan Jeff, I did a second draft, which is the one I uploaded as a file to GUN TALK. It follows herewith. [...] Neil ***************** The following article is under submission. Reproduction on computer bulletin boards is permitted for informational purposes only. Copyright (c) 1995 by J. Neil Schulman. All other rights reserved. NEWS MEDIA PROMOTES BOGUS CCW STUDY by J. Neil Schulman The Associated Press wire story from March 13, 1995, was titled, "Relaxed Gun Laws Mean More Deaths."[*] Its first paragraph reported, "More people were killed with guns after concealed gun laws were relaxed in 4 of 5 urban areas studied by University of Maryland researchers." The AP story goes on to quote results from a January, 1995 paper titled "Easing Concealed Firearm Laws: Effects on Homicide in Three States." Its authors are David McDowall, Colin Loftin, and Brian Wiersema. The AP story reports, "'While advocates of these relaxed laws argue that they will prevent crime, and suggest that they have reduced homicides in areas that adopted them, we strongly suggest caution,' said University of Maryland criminologist David McDowall. 'When states weaken limits on concealed weapons, they may be giving up a simple and effective method of preventing firearm deaths.'" This is a typical media story intended to make you think that the more guns you have, the more endangered you are. It has already been the basis for the \Los Angeles Times\ to editorialize against reforming California's laws which currently make it impossible for most Californians to carry firearms for self- protection without threat of arrest and prosecution under Penal Code Section 12025. The AP story is carefully crafted to pull selected data from a study designed by anti-gun zealots who cloak themselves in the lab coats of medical research being conducted for the federal government; then it goes even further to misrepresent the study authors' own conclusions to make them seem firm and sweeping proof of the evil of guns. It won't work this time. I read the study. You can, too. Get a copy from the Department of Criminology & Criminal Justice, 2220 Samuel Lefrak Hall, College Park, MD 20742-8235 / 301-405-4735. The fourth paragraph on page 1 states: "In 1985 the National Rifle Association announced that it would lobby for shall issue laws." Footnote 1 on page 1 states: "This research was supported by grant R49-CCR-306268 from the U.S. Public Health Service. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention." Well, we know a couple of things right off. The funding came from federal tax dollars which were designated for the control and prevention of \diseases\. Instead, it was diverted from disease control and prevention into \lobbying\ against NRA- proposed CCW reform laws \using tax money\. Using tax money for lobbying is illegal. Next, who do we see listed as a researcher on this study? We see Colin Loftin -- a gun-control zealot whose previous "study" tried to prove that a decrease in Washington D.C.'s homicide rate was a consequence of D.C.'s passage of increased gun prohibitions. That Loftin study has been shot full of holes on grounds that the decrease in homicide in D.C. was a trend established \before\ the D.C. law was passed, that it didn't study homicide \rates\ because it failed to take into account the decrease in Washington D.C.'s population during the study period, and that Loftin carefully cut off his study at the point when homicide in D.C. started \climbing\ again. Now let's get to this new "study" from Dr. Loftin and friends. First of all, it was highly selective in what areas it looked at. It looked at "several urban areas within Florida, Mississippi, and Oregon." It did not study homicides statewide in states which had modified its laws regarding the issuance of licenses to carry concealed weapons (CCW licenses). By focusing on urban areas, the study was sure to select data from areas where criminal gangs are increasingly using firearms in their drug wars -- cases where criminal gangsters are shooting each other. Since both offenders and victims in these cases are criminals who wouldn't apply for CCW licenses, data from these areas are irrelevant to ordinary people legally carrying guns for protection. It did not study murder, it studied homicides. It did not study whether these homicides were murders, justifiable homicides, or excusable homicides. The source of the homicides was not even from police investigations; the study says "we used death certificate data compiled by the National Center for Health Statistics." And it did NOT study homicides linked to holders of CCW licenses. There is no statement anywhere in this "study" that a single homicide was committed by a CCW license holder in the states studied. The "theory" under which this statistical correlation between easing of CCW's and the increase in homicide is as follows: "[S]hall issue licensing might raise levels of criminal violence. This is so because it increases the number of persons with easy access to firearms. Zimring and Cook argue that assaults are often impulsive acts involving the most readily available weapons. Guns are especially deadly weapons, and higher numbers of firearm carriers could therefore result in more homicides. "Advocates of shall issue licensing often cite figures showing that few legal carriers misuse their guns. Yet greater tolerance for legal carrying may lead to higher levels of illegal carrying as well. For example, criminals have more reason to carry firearms -- and to use them -- when their victims might be armed Further, if permission to carry a concealed weapon is easy to obtain, citizens and law enforcement may be less likely to view illegal carrying as a serious offense." What linkage is claimed for the study? \None\. These two paragraphs are based on "might raise," "could therefore result," "may lead to," "for example ... have more reason to," "may be less likely to view." This isn't science -- it's speculation. And it's not even speculation grounded in anything -- it's exactly the sort of speculation gun-control advocates use every time easing of carry prohibitions is proposed: every argument following a traffic accident is speculated to degenerate into a shootout -- despite the fact that in the twenty-some states which have easy carrying, \it doesn't happen\. There is no evidence collected or presented in this study that holders of CCW licenses are the types of people who commit "impulsive acts" in which easier availability of firearms would be likely to increase violence. The "study" didn't look at CCW license holders at all. Why? Because if the study \had\ looked at CCW license holders, it would have found that this speculation is ungrounded. The sorts of "impulsive" people to whom easier access of firearms might result in increased violence are those with no self-control: in other words, exactly the sort of criminal psychopaths that this "study" went out of its way to locate by concentrating on inner cities occupied by criminal gangsters. Figures from the Florida Department of State clearly show that the criminal misuse of their firearms by CCW license holders is so rare as to be statistically \nonexistent\: perhaps one case in 12,000 for \any\ misuse -- even technical violations -- and perhaps only one criminal homicide in 180,000 some persons issued CCW licenses since October 1, 1987. The speculation as to whether criminals will be more likely to carry guns if their victims are armed can be quantified by data from the Wright-Rossi study reported in the book \Armed And Considered Dangerous: A Survey of Felons and Their Firearms\, by James D. Wright and Peter H. Rossi. This study was conducted for the Carter Administration, and at the time of their research, Wright and Rossi were gun-control advocates looking for proof that gun-control reduces crime. When their data contradicted their opinions, they were honest enough scientists to report what they had found and advocate public policy based on the actual scientific findings. Wright and Rossi discovered that while 50% of the gun criminals they surveyed did give as a reason carrying a gun because their victim might be armed, 60% of gun criminals agreed that "most criminals are more worried about meeting an armed victim than they are about running into the police," one-third said that they had personally been "scared off, shot at, wounded, or captured by an armed victim," and "About two-fifths reported having decided at least once in their lives not to commit a crime because they had reason to suspect that the intended victim was armed." Wright and Rossi note: "Many of these men's 'victims' are in all likelihood men much like themselves. The armed victim encounters reported by this sample may well be confrontations between two men with equally felonious histories and motives as between hard-core perpetrators and total innocents." Yes, I noted the "may well be" in the above paragraph -- but this speculation, published in 1986, was confirmed in 1992 by \Murder Analysis\ by the Detective Division of the Chicago Police Department, which found that 65.53% of the murder victims in their study of all murders they investigated in the previous year had a previous criminal record. Again, all this speaks to the issue of why this study focused on urban areas where you'd be likely to find criminals shooting at each other -- and where gun-carrying by ordinary people is statistically irrelevant because they aren't involved. Finally, the speculation that easing CCW license issuance might lead to a relaxation of enforcement of non-licensed gun carrying is refuted by Florida's own laws. Carrying a concealed firearm in Florida \without\ a Florida CCW license is a \felony\. Conclusion: since the McDowall-Loftin-Wiersema "study" isn't reporting any linkage of an increase of shooting homicides to persons holding CCW licenses having been involved in these shootings as either perpetrators or victims -- and since the authors' speculations on a linkage are refuted by other criminological work -- it ends up as a meaningless statistical comparison, akin to comparing the rise in the Dow Jones Index to the raising of women's hemlines: no rational mechanism for the linkage is even being offered. The study concludes: "The stronger conclusion is that shall issue laws do not reduce homicides, at least in large urban areas." Well, how could they -- when the criminals are avoiding encounters with possibly armed strangers -- as Wright-Rossi found -- and shooting other criminals whose carrying of guns is unaffected by the change in carry laws which they don't pay attention to anyway? "The weaker conclusion is that shall issue laws raise levels of firearm murders. Coupled with a lack of influence on murders by other means, the laws thus increase the frequency of homicide." And this conclusion is not only "weaker," it is utterly unfounded because the study's bogus design didn't look at the question of homicides involving CCW license holders and has produced no grounded linkage between the increasing gun-homicide trends between and among criminals, and the ordinary people who carry guns for protection who might have started doing so when they could do so without risk of legal penalty. And even the authors are afraid to do more than speculate, perhaps fearing that making refutable claims will interfere with their getting more federal bucks next time: "Despite this evidence," McDowall, Loftin, and Wiersema write, "we do not firmly conclude that shall issue licensing leads to more firearm homicides. This is so because the effects varied over the study areas. Firearm homicides significantly increased in only three areas, and one witnesses an insignificant decrease. In combination, the increase in gun homicides was large and statistically significant. Yet we have only five replications, \and two of these do not clearly fit the pattern\." [Emphasis added by Schulman.] In other words, even their bogus design study couldn't find the data they were looking for to battle the NRA. Yet, does the AP wire story report that the study's authors consider their conclusions "weak" and that two of the five cases they looked at do not support their conclusions? Do they quote the authors stating, "we do not firmly conclude that shall issue licensing leads to more firearm homicides"? Is the headline, "Researchers Fail to Establish Linkage Between CCW Licenses and Homicide"? Nope. The Associated Press headlined its story, "Relaxed Gun Laws Mean More Deaths." "Easing Concealed Firearm Laws: Effects on Homicide in Three States" by David McDowall, Colin Loftin and Brian Wiersema is bogus science at best and criminal misuse of federal tax dollars at worst. It was designed to produce the headline of the AP wire story -- "Relaxed Gun Laws Mean More Deaths." The Associated Press wants you to believe that a new scientific study proves that making it easier for the public to carry guns legally will increase gun-related murders of innocent people -- a conclusion which is completely unsupported even by the claims of the researchers. This is further proof that in the absence of any provable case that the increase in availability of guns by ordinary civilians will have adverse effects on society, gun-ban zealots will lie, under cover of science, in an attempt to provide their willing co-conspirators in the mass media soundbytes to try to fool the American people into being passive victims relying on the government to save them from armed and dangerous criminals. # J. Neil Schulman is the author of \Stopping Power: Why 70 Million Americans Own Guns\ (Synapse--Centurion, 1994), as well as being a novelist, screenwriter, and journalist. He's the recipient of the Second Amendment Foundation's James Madison Award for his 1993 \Los Angeles Times\ Op-Ed, "If Gun Laws Work, Why Are We Afraid?" Footnote: [*] WASHINGTON--More people were killed with guns after concealed gun laws were relaxed in 4 of 5 urban areas studied by University of Maryland researchers. The university's Violence Research Group studied homicides by gun and other means before and after new, relaxed concealed gun laws took effect in Jacksonville, Miami and Tampa, Fla., Jackson, Miss., and Portland, Ore. Average monthly homicides by gun increased 74 % in Jacksonville, 43 % in Jackson, 22 % in Tampa and 3 % in Miami. Portland had a 12 % decrease, the researchers announced Monday. They found that while homicides by gun increased after the less restrictive laws were adopted, homicides by other means remained steady. "While advocates of these relaxed laws argue that they will prevent crime, and suggest that they have reduced homicides in areas that adopted them, we strongly suggest caution," said University of Maryland criminologist David McDowall. "When states weaken limits on concealed weapons, they may be giving up a simple and effective method of preventing firearm deaths." Alaska, Arizona, Tennessee and Wyoming adopted relaxed concealed weapons law in 1994; Idaho and Montana, in 1993. The Virginia, Texas and Colorado legislatures are working on measures that would ease restrictions on concealed guns; the governors of Virginia and Texas have indicated they would sign such legislation. El Paso County, Colo., just adopted that state's most lenient concealed weapons policy and was flooded with applications. National homicide rates by gun and other means were going up during the study period, but, when those figures were factored in, the overall pattern of 4 increases and one decrease remained the same with only slight changes in magnitudes, said Brian Wiersema, one of the researchers. Average monthly homicides between January 1973 and December 1992 were studied in each city, except Miami. For Miami, the data covered monthly homicides between January 1983 and December 1992. Florida relaxed concealed guns laws Oct. 1, 1987; Oregon, Jan. 1, 1990; and Mississippi, July 1, 1990. McDowall said the results support other research showing that policies to discourage firearms in public may help prevent violence. One such study, by University of Maryland criminologist Lawrence Sherman, found that gun crime fell during a Kansas City program he devised to confiscate guns from people who traveled with them outside their homes. Sherman is now conducting a similar program and study in Indianapolis, Ind. (From AP) Reply to: J. Neil Schulman Mail: P.O. Box 94, Long Beach, CA 90801-0094 Voice Mail & Fax: (500) 44-JNEIL JNS BBS: 1-500-44-JNEIL,,,,25 Internet: softserv@genie.geis.com "Mr. Schulman's book is the most cogent explanation of the gun issue I have yet read. He presents the assault on the Second Amendment in frighteningly clear terms. Even the extremists who would ban firearms will learn from his lucid prose." --Charlton Heston STOPPING POWER: Why 70 Million Americans Own Guns by J. Neil Schulman Foreword by Criminologist and Civil-Rights Lawyer Don B. Kates, Jr. Published by Synapse--CenturioN Price: $22.95 USA / $29.95 Canada ISBN: 1-882639-03-0 Hardcover, 288 pages Post as filename: CCWCRIME.TXT